Exodus 10:2,Tell in the hearing of your son…the mighty things I have done in Egypt. YHVH commanded Moses to record the story of Egypt’s judgment and fall for the Israelite’s future posterity. The Israelites were then to pass this story down orally and in written form to succeeding generations. The Passover seder is the fulfillment of this Torah command in that it reenacts the exodus story. In other words, YHVH is commanding parents to pass the gospel message of redemption downward to each new generation via the seder. The Passover seder is literally a gospel tract involving a dramatic presentation where the participants act out the story of Israel’s redemption which is the basis of the message of the gospel.
Exodus 10:3,Thus says YHVH Elohim of the Hebrews. It is true that Moses did would be similar in our day to going to the president of the U.S., who is the head of the most powerful and advanced nation on earth, and saying, The Elohim of the people of El Salvador says to you do this or that. How much impact would such a demand have on the U.S. president? Little or none. However, when YHVH deputizes a person for a divine mission, YHVH, the Creator of the universe, and just one person make a majority! The size of the country of the messenger no longer means anything.
How long will you refuse to humble yourself before me? Pharaoh was about to learn a hard lesson at the hands of YHVH Elohim. The sovereign Creator ultimately demands that everyone submits to his will and purposes. Those who refuse to do so imperil themselves. The Scriptures record that in addition to Pharaoh YHVH also held other political leaders accountable for exalting themselves against him and for refusing to humble themselves before him. These include Nebuchanezzar (Dan 4:19ff), Belshazzar (Dan 5:22), Zedekiah (2 Chron 36:12), Lucifer (Isa 14:13ff) and Herod (Acts 12:21–23).
Furthermore, those who put their trust in false gods will come under the judgment of the one supreme and true Elohim—the Mighty One of the Bible. Elohim uses men’s false gods or idols as a judgment against sinners to help them to see the futility of their idolatrous delusions and to bring them to repentance (e.g., Isa 66:4–5; Prov 10:24). As Elohim judged the false gods of Egypt one by one and brought that arrogant nation down, he will do the same in the end days with Babylon the Great and the idolatrous gods of this world. We see some striking parallels between the plagues YHVH brought upon Egypt and those he will bring upon the rebellious inhabitants of earth just prior to Yeshua’s second coming. For example, the seventh plague of hail (Exod 9:13ff) and the seventh vial with its 75 pound hailstones (Rev 16:17–21) is an ultimate expression of the fierceness of Elohim’s wrath upon a rebellious and still blaspheming world. When the earth is quaking and deadly hailstones are raining down from heaven, there will be no hiding place from Elohim’s wrath. Additional end-time plages that replicate those of Egypt include grievous sores to come upon men (Rev 16:2), the seawater and fresh water turning to blood (Rev 16:3–4), and darkness upon the earth (Rev 16:10). After this, Babylon the Great will fall (Rev 18:2), even as ancient Egypt fell under the severe blows of YHVH’s judgment.
Psalm chapter two summarizes the rebellious arrogance of men, and their conspiracy against the Creator in their attempt to keep control of their earthly kingdoms. Elohim will laugh at them from heaven and will then send his Son to judge them and to break their kingdoms in pieces with his rod of iron. NOW is the time “to kiss” Messiah the Son and to worship him if one desires to escape these divine judgments upon the wicked rebels (v. 12)!
What gods or idols do we have in our lives that we are holding on to? Each of the plagues against Egypt was a direct strike against one of the many gods of Egypt (Exod 12:12; Num 33:4). Elohim will destroy all pretenders and imposters who dare to challenge his sovereignty. (See notes at Exod 7:14.) The god of human pride and self will is the most powerful false god each human will ever face!
Exodus 10:8–10,We will go with our young and our old, with our sons and daughters…we must hold a feast [Heb. chag] unto YHVH. Egypt and Pharaoh (a spiritual metaphors for the world and Satan) wanted to destroy and divide families, which are the bedrock of YHVH physical and spiritual order and the center of Torah community, but Moses insisted on keeping families together when exodusing Egypt and going out to serve YHVH. In YHVH’s order of things, families must always stay together. YHVH’s feasts or chaggim (the plural of chag) along with the weekly seventh day Shabbat are the glue that helps to hold the families of YHVH’s people together. When we gather together in unity with a common purpose and focus to worship the Elohim of Israel and to celebrate his feasts, these events create strong familial, cultural and spiritual ties between families and all of YHVH’s people in general. Besides that, they are just plain fun to do and deeply significant spiritually.
Exodus 10:19,Red Sea [Heb. Yam Soof]. Is the Yam Soof referring to the Gulf of Suez or the Gulf of Aqaba that is located between the Sinai Peninsula and the modern country of Saudi Arabia?This verse tells us that YHVH brought up a strong wind that blew the locust plage eastward out of Egypt that blew them into the Red Sea. Where is the Red Sea? The Gulf of Suez or the Gulf of Aqaba? In 2012, a record plague of locusts originated in Egypt and made its way across the Sinai and over the Negev. So it is not impossible for locusts to travel long distances, and how much more so with the help of the wind?
Without getting lost in the weeds, let’s now discuss the definition of the word soof which is apparently of Egyptian origin and means “a reed, especially the papyrus, water plant or weed. This word can also refer to seaweed that grows along seashores everywhere. TheTWOT admits that Yam Soof can refer to the “Sea of Reeds”—a definition which is not limited to the marshy, papyrus laden to either the Bitter Lakes or Lake Timash areas of the Gulf of Suez, but can also take on a broader geographical area that includes the Gulf of Aqaba as per 1 Kings 9:26. This latter definition is how the LXX translators interpreted the phrase Yam Soof when they preferred the term Red Sea over Sea of Reeds.
Exodus 10:23,But all the children of Israel had light in their dwellings. YHVH protected the children of Israel from the most severe plagues that fell upon Egypt (Exod 8:22; 9:4, 6; 10:23; 11:7; 12:13). Similarly, YHVH spared Noah and Lot from the utter destruction that fell in their days. In the last days, YHVH promises to protect his remnant people in the great tribulation, from the wrath of Satan, and from the day of his fierce wrath (Rev 7:3; 9:4; 11:15–18; 12:13–17) either by removing them from the scene of destruction (e.g., Noah and Lot), or by placing a mark on them that distinguishes them from those targeted with destruction (see Rev 7:3–4; 9:4 cp. 22:4; Ezek 9:4). It is interesting to note that the invisible mark that the angel placed on the heads of the righteous just before the destruction of Jerusalem (Ezek 9:4) was the Paleo-Hebrew letter tav (t) that resembled our English letter “t” or “x.” Could the divine mark or a seal that will be written on the heads of the end times saints (Rev 7:3–4) be related to YHVH’s command for his people to place (literally or figuratively) on their arms and foreheads his commandments as symbolic sign of remembrance for them to be faithful to his commandments and the covenants (Deut 6:8; 11:18; Exod 13:19)? The resurrected and glorified saints who will be granted entrance into the New Jerusalem will also have YHVH’s name written on their foreheads as a divine seal, mark of ownership and as a sign that their hearts and minds are submitted to and in alignment with him and his Torah-Word (Rev 22:4). Let us not forget that the Book of Revelation identifies the end times saints as those who keep his Torah commandments and also have the faith or testimony of Yeshua the Messiah (Rev 12:17; 14:12). Only these will also have tickets to enter into the New Jerusalem and to eat of the tree of life. Why? Because they “do his commandments” (Rev 22:14)! What happens to the rest who claim to know YHVH but refuse to keep his commandments? Yeshua answers this question:
Not every one that saith unto me, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven; but he that doeth the will of my Father which is in heaven. Many will say to me in that day, Lord, Lord, have we not prophesied in thy name? and in thy name have cast out devils? and in thy name done many wonderful works? And then will I profess unto them, I never knew you: depart from me, ye that work iniquity [lit. lawlessness]. (Matt 7:21–23)
Exodus 11
Exodus 11:2,Silver…gold. These were the wages the Egyptians owed the Israelites for their years of servitude and eventual enslavement to that nation. History will repeat itself in the future when the wealth of the Gentile nations will come to YHVH’s people, but unlike Pharaoh and the Egyptians, this time the people of the nations will be coming to faith in Yeshua the Messiah (Isa 60:5, 11).
Exodus 12
Exodus 12:2, Month. Month is the Hebrew word chodesh/חדש, which, according to the world’s best scholars, lexicons and Bible translators, means “the new moon, month, monthly, the first day of the month, the lunar month.” It is found in the Tanakh (Old Testament) 276 times and is translated in the King James Version as “month” 254 times, “new moon” (20 times), and “monthly” (1 time). We see that from these definitions that the terms “month” and “new moon” are synonymous. It has been understood for millennia that the ancient Israelites began their month with the new moon. Both the biblical and secular historical records are in unanimous agreement on this point. Many of the pagan nations including the Egypt and Babylon also started their months using the new moon. This, however, in not proof of the pagan originations of sighting the new month in this manner. To say it is would be the same as saying that because pagans believe the 2 + 2 = 4, the saints cannot accept this mathematical truth. Of course, it is obvious that such reasoning would illogical nonsense by intelligent and critically thinking people! Therefore, we reject the spurious notion that sighting the new moon to determine the month’s beginning is pagan.
Psalm 36:1, An oracle [Heb. nah-oom] within my heart. Nahoom is from the verb meaning “to say or to whisper or, by implication, to utter an oracle.” The Spirit of YHVH will speak to a person from within their inner or personal spirit and give them divine revelation (see also Ps 13:2–3). This calls to mind Psalm 46:10, “Be still and know that I am Elohim,” or the still small voice of YHVH that Elijah heard in the entrance of the cave (1 Kgs 19:12; cp. Ps 4:4; Isa 8:6).
Psalm 36:7, Shadow of your wings. This is an example of poetic imagery or a simile in the Bible. Obviously, YHVH Elohim is not a winged, bird-like creature. The Scriptures contain many such examples where metaphors and similes are employed as poetic devices to describe supernatural aspects or characteristics of Deity where human language lacks the precise verbiage to do so. Often, Bible students come up with novel and even silly interpretations of Scripture when they take biblical poetic imagery and attach a literal meaning to it. When one does this, they can almost make the Bible say anything they want.
Psalm 36:8–9, River…fountain of life…in Your light. When we are in Elohim’s river of life, it is a fountain of life to us, and when we are bathed in the light of YHHV’s divinely revealed Truth, we will see light or Truth (cp. Pss 18:28; 44:3).
Psalm 36:9, In Your light [Heb. aur] we see light [Heb. aur]. In the Bible, the Hebrew aur or ‘or is spelled two ways: in its complete or longer form as אור or, and in its defective or shortened form as אר. The Jewish sages recognize a deep spiritual truth in this anomaly in the Hebrew text of Scripture. The longer form of the word aur signifies the spiritual light or divine revelation and Truth that emanates only from YHVH Elohim and is given to those he chooses and who have a heart and mind to receive it. The word in its shortened form signifies light, truth or knowledge at a lower level and includes human knowledge minus divine revelation. In a most terse and cryptic manner, this verse speaks volumes! Let this revelation sink in.
But this chapter has even more to offer us in this regard. Let’s move onward and upward as we uncover this vein of gold in the solid rock of YHVH’s word. This whole psalm is about the pure and undiminished light of divine revelation that heaven gives only to a select few. For example, verse one opens with the words, “an oracle within my heart….” This is referring to a declaration or utterance that comes out of the innermost part of a godly person—that is, one’s personal spirit that is connected to the Holy Spirit of Elohim. That is to say, the saints are connected to their Creator in a most unique and special way in that they have a direct communication pipeline to heaven! This is because they trust in YHVH, and they dwell under the shadow of his (spiritual) wings (v. 7). As a result, they are the recipients of his excellent lovingkindness (v. 7) and “[t]hey shall be abundantly satisfied with the fatness of thy house; and thou shalt make them drink of the river of thy pleasures. For with thee is the fountain of life: in thy light shall we see light” (vv. 8–9). Now if this does not brighten your day, bless you and encourage you to draw closer to YHVH Elohim and to abide continually in Yeshua the Messiah (read John 15:1–17), then what will?
YHVH took Moses’ weaknesses and turned them into strengths!
Of Frail Men and a Faithful Elohim—The Roots of the New Covenant Revealed
How many times have you started off on a new venture full with enthusiasm and alacrity only to have it fail immediately out of the starting gate? We all have our stories to tell. The difference between one who is successful and one who is not is that the former does not give despite initial failure. Though Moses was one the Bible’s greatest heros of faith, he experienced apparent failure in his initial efforts to free his people from Egyptian tyranny. However, thanks to overcoming faith in YHVH, he “let go and let God” and became the great liberator of the Israelite people and victor over that era’s most powerful nation—a biblical metaphor for the world, the flesh and devil. There is an inspiring lesson and an encouraging message in this story for each of us to this day.
Moses’ first brushes with defeat began the moment he exited the womb, for he was born with a death sentence on his head as he narrowly escaped being aborted. At the last moment, he was adopted into an alien, heathen family and was raised as a prince in the king of Egypt’s household estranged from his Israelite heritage. We can now look back with perfect 20-20 hindsight and see how YHVH orchestrated circumstances in Moses’ life to accomplish a divine destiny, but at the time both Moses and his Israelite family were totally oblivious to higher purpose. For them, it was a day-by-day struggle for survival much less a faith walk.
Despite an auspicious and promising future as a member of the Egyptian royal family in the region’s most power nation, Moses suddenly found himself fleeing for his life as a wanted criminal—a murderer. From riches and fame, he escapes to the backside of the desert out of the legal jurisdiction of the Egyptian authorities where he becomes a lowly peasant tending sheep for forty years. As a shepherd leading quiet, bucolic life, he end up marrying the sheep rancher’s daughter, but his life struggles do not end there.
Two sons are born to him. And they all live life happily ever after. Right? Well, not exactly. While leading a rather mundane life for decades tending sheep in the desert, he unexpectedly has a divine encounter. While tending sheep, YHVH suddenly drops into his life through the spectacle of bush that is engulfed in flames but is not consumed. At that moment Moses’ life is suddenly turned upside down. Then and there, YHVH commissions him to return to Egypt and demand that Pharaoh set the children of Israel free. This is when Moses’ troubles really begin.
A happy marriage, the father of two, a peaceful life as a shepherd—what could go wrong? Moses’ wife wanted nothing to do with Moses’ new ministry. She likely thought that he was out of his mind. Consequently, she abandons him and Moses’ marriage likely ends in divorce. Now Moses is alone and without his family. Likely a monumental depressions situation for him.
But in faithful obedience to YHVH, Moses accepts the call to lead the enslaved Israelites out of captivity and into the wilderness in which he had spent forty years leading sheep. For all those years, YHVH had been preparing him to lead two-legged sheep.
As Moses returned to Egypt to confront Pharaoh, YHVH literally put a sermon in Moses’ mouth to preach to Pharaoh, even though he was stricken with a speech impediment of some sort. To this point, Moses’ life is one of stumbling, failure and seemingly random and serendipitous events. What could YHVH possibly make out of this stew of disparate ingredients? A disgraced member of the Egyptian royal family, a wanted criminal, a lowly shepherd, a failed family marriage and life plus a speech impediment on top of it all. This sounds like a recipe for disaster!
The Bible is teeming with examples like Moses of individuals, who YHVH called to accomplish great things, but who encountered seemingly insurmountable and often life threatening challenges en route to their ultimate, heaven-mandated destiny.
For example, like Moses, although YHVH gave Abraham a divine mission, but stumbled along the way in fulfilling his destiny by trying to make things happen in his own way. The same occurred with both Jacob and Joseph whose lives took a series of unexpected and seemingly disastrous and dead end turns until the seemingly random puzzle pieces fell into place and YHVH’s plan for their lives came to fruition. Similarly, David was anointed as king of Israel many years before became king. In the interim, he spent many years fleeing for his life from those who wanted to kill him. Many more examples could be given.
So Moses’ struggles did not end with his divine encounter, commissioning and empowering at the burning bush. They only begin. As mentioned earlier, shortly thereafter, his marriage likely ended in divorce. His wife of some forty years failed to catch YHVH’s vision for Moses’ life and preferred to remain in the comfort zones of her father’s house in the land of Midian.
Moving on, YHVH had set the stage is set for Israel’s redemption in Exodus 5:22–23. After all, Moses, as either Pharaoh’s adopted grandson or his nephew (depending on whether this was the Pharaoh of Moses’ childhood or his son), had an “in” with the monarch that he could have exploited for the benefit of securing the release of Israel. Yet Moses’ first venture to Pharaoh was a disaster. The plight of the children of Israel deteriorated instead of being improved. Discouraged, Moses almost takes on an accusative tone toward YHVH (Exod 5:22–23). Graciously, YHVH doesn’t rebuke Moses, but as a loving Father encourages him to refocus on his word and the veracity and surety of his promises (Exod 6:2–5).
Despite Moses’ complaints, YHVH graciously encourages Moses upward and onward in spite of his discouraging first attempt at securing the children of Israel’s release from captivity. Is it possible that YHVH allowed immediate success to elude Moses to bring him “to the end of himself” with regard to any tendency he might have had to rely on himself and on his own wisdom to accomplish Elohim’s plans? Probably so, for YHVH tested the faith of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph and David in a similar manner.
As YHVH wanted Moses to rely on him alone for Israel’s deliverance, even so YHVH is teaching is modern saints to trust him alone to accomplish his will in our lives, rather than on not relying on our own human abilities. This is how YHVH increases the faith of his servants. For faith “is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen” (Heb 11:1). We have to be totally emptied of ourselves before we are ready for the Master’s use. This does not mean that YHVH will not use our natural abilities, talents or what he have gained through life’s experiences, but we must learn to submit all that we have and are to his sovereign will. Moses gave up everything important in his life to serve YHVH: his wife, his family, his career as a successful shepherd, and his connections to Egyptian royalty. He learned to “trust in YHVH, and do good…Trust in YHVH, and do good; so shalt thou dwell in the land, and verily thou shalt be fed. Delight thyself also in YHVH; and he shall give thee the desires of thine heart. Commit thy way unto YHVH; trust also in him; and he shall bring it to pass…Rest in YHVH, and wait patiently for him…The steps of a good man are ordered by YHVH: and he delighteth in his way. Though he fall, he shall not be utterly cast down: for YHVH upholdeth him with his hand” (Ps 37:3–5, 7, 23–24).
By following this upward path of spiritual matriculation and maturation, not only is one’s faith built, but YHVH, not man, gets the glory when success occurs (Jer 9:22–23). There is no truer maxim in the Bible than this: they down is the way up. Yeshua characterized this counterintuitive spiritual path this way:
And a man’s foes shall be they of his own household. He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me: and he that loveth son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me. And he that taketh not his cross, and followeth after me, is not worthy of me. He that findeth his life shall lose it: and he that loseth his life for my sake shall find it. (Matt 10:36–39)
For whosoever will save his life shall lose it: and whosoever will lose his life for my sake shall find it. (Matt 16:25)
He that loveth his life shall lose it; and he that hateth his life in this world shall keep it unto life eternal. (John 12:25)
David summarized this spiritual journey similarly:
Blessed is the man whose strength is in thee; in whose heart are the ways of them. Who passing through the valley of Baca [or weeping] make it a well; the rain also filleth the pools. They go from strength to strength, every one of them in Zion appeareth before God. (Ps 84:5–7)
They that sow in tears shall reap in joy. He that goeth forth and weepeth, bearing precious seed, shall doubtless come again with rejoicing, bringing his sheaves with him. (Ps 125:5–6)
Or to put these ideas into modern parlance, there is no gain without pain.
When one finally dies to oneself and lets Elohim have his way in his life, it is then that one steps into heaven’s river of life and into the realm of supernatural with its miraculous possibilities endless opportunities.
To this point, at age 80 Moses’ life continues to be one of ongoing struggles and failure.
Moses’ story is one to which most of us can relate. How is this? Because Moses’ road to ultimate success involved multiple setbacks and wrong turns, and he was beset with human foibles and weaknesses. Yet out of the bittersweet ingredients of Moses’ life, out of this confused potpourri and miscellany of human experiences, the Creator of the universe, who ex nihilo created the heavens and the earth, created Moses out of nothing, formed and shaped him, prepared him to prophetically prefigure Yeshua the Messiah, who was to come 1,500 years later. So what is the moral of this story? Like formless, worthless lumps of clay, if we will, in faith, trust and submit our lives into the hands of the Almighty, despite our weaknesses and failures, he can turn each of us into useful vessels that will ultimately bring glory and honor to him—and to ourselves as well.
So what was Moses’ ultimate destiny that required him to go through such a refining process? What was the real meaning and ultimate purpose his life? Here is a key takeaway regarding the life of Moses. He was the tool that YHVH would use to unfold heaven’s plan of redemption for the descendents of Abraham—a plan that would eventually expand to encompass all humans. Through Moses, YHVH brings the promises of the Abrahamic Covenant and adds to it the of righteousness as outline in the Mosaic or Sinaitic Covenant, and in the process lays the groundwork for the New Covenant.
How did YHVH encourage and empower Moses? By reminding Moses of and reaffirming his covenantal promises made to the patriarchs, Moses’ forefathers, and by standing by his word which is summarized in his name and reputation. YHVH reaffirmed his covenant promises to Moses using his covenant name YHVH, three times (Exod 6:6, 7, 8). Here are some other examples of how Scripture uses YHVH’s covenant name along with modifying adjectives to describe his promise and ability to meet all our human needs and to fulfill his lofty plans in our lives:
YHVH Elohim is nudging many of us to declutter our lives spiritually and to unload the excess spiritual baggage that like a burden and spiritual weight have been dragging us down. There are many things that hinder us from hearing YHVH and following the glory cloud as well as which grieve the Holy Spirit in our lives. Lightening our loads and removing distractions will help us to be wise and not foolish virgins who will be ready to meet Yeshua, our Heavenly Bridegroom when he comes!
This and other videos by Nathan are available as podcasts on Spotify and Apple podcast under “Hoshana Rabbah.”
Exodus 1:7,Increased abundantly…multiplied. This was a partial fulfillment of Jacob’s prophecy in Genesis 48:16 and 19.
Exodus 1:11,Taskmaster…afflict them. The Hebrew word behind taskmaster literally means “gangs of government officials who exacted or levied tribute or taxes from the Israelites by forcing them to work as serfs.” These government bureaucratic goons forced the Israelites, through affliction, into compulsory service involving government works projects. The Egyptians imposed a fascistic and socialistic system upon the Israelites, which was a form of slavery.
Exodus 1:19–21,Midwives said. The righteous, Elohim-fearing midwives (v. 17), chose to obey Elohim rather than to follow government edicts that violated the laws of the Creator. This necessitated them lying to the Egyptians to preserve the lives of the innocent babies. This teaches us that it is not only acceptable to lie in certain circumstances, but it is even commendable in YHVH’s eyes, in order to preserve life (see also Josh 1:17 where Rahab lied to protect the Israelite spies from certain death, and 1 Sam 20:6 where David had Jonathan lie for him to save his life from the murderous Saul). For their work of preserving innocent lives, YHVH blessed the midwives with houses, households or a honorable family lineage (vv. 20–21). In reality, the midwives were pro-life, anti-abortion activists who were involved in civil disobedience for righteous purposes (On the subject of what is biblically righteous civil disobedience, see my notes at Rom 13:1).
Shiphrah…Puah. (See my article at Rom 13:1 on civil disobedience.) Respectively these names mean “brightness; from the root to glisten” and “glitter, brilliance.” One wonders whether these were the midwives’ literal names or symbolic names given to them later by Moses, the writer of books of the Torah, to indicate the beautiful and glorious nature of their work in saving the lives of the Israelite boy babies from abortive deaths at the hands of the evil secular authorities. After all, Moses himself was saved from death in a similar manner. The saving of life from abortion is indicative of the value that the Hebrews and later Christians place on human life because, after all, humans are made in the image of Elohim as the Bible reveals. To kill a human, except in self defense or in accordance with the Torah’s stipulations regarding capital punishment, is an affront to Elohim himself of whom man is a reflection, and who is called to be an imager of the divine. Where as the evolutionary, atheistic and secular humanistic and materialistic philosophy views man simply as an animal or material substance and nothing more, the supernaturalistic, biblical view sees man as being subdivine. These two views are diametrically opposed to each other and project very different philosophies to the people that hold them. Each of these opposing philosophies radiate different ethos and a set of mores to the respective societies and cultures that reflect each of them.
Exodus 2
Exodus 2:16; 3:1 (also 18:1),Priest [Heb. kohen] of Midian. The Hebrew word kohen means “priest, principal officer or chief ruler.” In the days prior to the Levitical priesthood, the Bible considers a father to be the priest of his family (see Exod 19:22, 24). Since Torah mentions three times that Jethro was the priest of Midian, evidently he was more than just a spiritual leader to his family; he was likely also a regional, priestly leader.
Exodus 2:15,Land of Midian. Midian is located in located east of the Sinai and across the Gulf of Aqaba in the modern country of Saudi Arabia (cf. The Works of Philo, “On the Life of Moses,” 1.47; Gal 4:24). The Sinai Peninsula was at times under Egyptian hegemonic control, while Midian was outside of Egyptian control making it a safe place of exile for Moses out of the reach of Egyptian legal justice. There is biblical evidence that points to the fact that this same land of Midian was also where Mount Sinai was located and was in Arabia (e.g., Gal 4:25), and not the traditional sight in the Sinai Peninsula where St. Catharine’s Monastery is now located.
Exodus 2:18,Reuel. Moses’ father-in-law had several names including Jethro (Exod 3:1) and Hobab (Num 10:29). Jethro was a descendant of Abraham through Midian, his son by Keturah (Gen 25:1–2). It’s likely that Jethro was knowledgeable about Abraham’s Yehovist faith and thus was able to train Moses, who for all practical purposes, was an Egyptian, was raised in the Egyptian religion and culture and would have known little about YHVH and his Torah-law. As such, YHVH strategically placed Moses in a spiritual boot camp for forty years where he not only learned to manage physical sheep in preparation for his leading the children of Israel, but he was trained by a godly priest eventually to become the Levitical priest over Israel.
Exodus 2:22,Gershom. A sad piece of Bible trivia is that some of Moses’ descendants didn’t follow in his righteous steps. Gershom’s sons became idol worshipers (Judg 18:30–31). Many of the children of righteous men in the Bible didn’t follow in the footsteps of their fathers in remaining faithful to Elohim.
Examples rotten apple children falling from good fruit trees include Isaac (Esau), Aaron (Nadab and Abihu), Samuel’s sons (1 Sam 8:1–3), and some of David’s children as well as the children of many of the other righteous kings of Judah.
What’s more, the Bible tells us nothing about the spiritual status of the sons of any of the prophets or apostles. Whether they remained faithful to YHVH or not, we don’t know. If they had been notable in their service to YHVH, it seems that Scripture would have recorded this notable fact.
One thing seems certain. Most of the high visibility servants of YHVH were solitary figures. Little if anything is known about their spouses, families or children, who, in general, seemed to play no major role in the key figure’s ministry activities.
Interestingly, there are also several examples of righteous sons coming from unrighteous fathers and vice versa. This is the case with several of the kings of Judah.
All this is to say that just because a child was raised well in a godly family doesn’t guarantee they will continue to serve Elohim and walk in righteousness. Conversely, just because a child was raised in an ungodly, even wicked family, doesn’t mean they will become wicked and ungodly.
Salvation is an individual matter. YHVH calls and chooses whom he will, and it’s up to the individual to respond to that calling. Some will respond, but most will not. As Yeshua said, many are called, but few are chosen (Matt 22:14), the spiritual gate is wide that leads down the wrong path, while the gate that leads down the straight path to salvation and eventually into the kingdom of Elohim is narrow (Matt 7:13). One thing is certain though. The Father’s arms are open wide for his prodigal children to return to him, and so should ours (Luke 11:15–31).
Gershom and Eliezer. Gershom was Moses firstborn son (Exod 2:22; 1 Chron 26:24). Moreover, the Scriptures records what happened to Gershom later in his life. In the Book of Judges (Judg 18:30) we find a reference to a “Manasseh” (in the KJV and NKJV), but according to the LXX and Latin Vulgate this is an erroneous translation. Instead, this Bible text should say “Moses” and not Manasseh (as the NKJV notes in the margin). The Masoretic rabbinates later changed Mosheh to Manasheh to hide the fact that Moses’ son was an idolater and idol maker. The NIV correctly states Moses, not Manasseh, and explains why the Jews changed Manasseh in its footnotes (see the NIV Study Bible). Elsewhere (1 Chron 23:15) states that both Gershom and Eliezer where Moses’ sons.
Exodus 3
Exodus 3:1,Tending the flock. Moses spent forty years in the wilderness of Midian tending the flocks of Jethro, his father-in-law. After this phase of his life, YHVH called and commissioned Moses to lead the children of Israel out of Egypt and then to shepherd them through the wilderness en route to the Promised Land. This was the very same wilderness where Moses had shepherded Jethro’s sheep for forty years, so he knew the area’s geography well. Moses’ job as a physical shepherd prepared him for the next phase of his life—his ministry as a spiritual shepherd.
Often YHVH chooses individuals as his servants based on their vocational background, which provides training for the spiritual ministry to which he then calls them. For example, David was a shepherd before he became the king over Israel. Amos was a picker of fruit and a shepherd who called the nation of Israel back to return to YHVH by producing good spiritual fruit and to come back into a relationship with their Creator, who was Israel’s true spiritual Shepherd. John the Baptist was a priest calling the Jews to repent of sin and to become a holy nation. Yeshua was a carpenter before he became a builder of the spiritual house of Israel (Heb 3:3–6; 1 Pet 2:5). Several of Yeshua’s disciples were commercial fishermen before becoming “fishers of men” (Matt 4:19) or apostolic evangelists. Paul was a tent maker helping to raise up the fallen tabernacle of David (Acts 15:16). Sometimes our physical vocations may be an indicator of and preparatory to our eventual spiritual calling.
Being a shepherd of physical sheep is a most suitable profession to prepare one for tending YHVH’s spiritual sheep. A shepherd has to put the needs, comfort, care and protection of the sheep above his own needs and wants. This is one reason why the Scriptures refer to those who care for and protect YHVH’s spiritual sheep as shepherds or pastors.
There are many similarities between physical and spiritual shepherds, and physical and spiritual sheep. Unless one has been a physical shepherd and cared for physical sheep or parented children, it is unlikely that these reasons will be readily apparent. This is why being a parent is a one of the qualifications for being an elder or deacon in the church (1 Tim 3:2, 4, 12; Tit 1:6).
Exodus 3:5,Take your sandals off. In the Orient, it is common to take off one’s shoes before entering a house, since people typically would sit on a mat or a rug (as opposed to a chair). To keep these mats from getting soiled by dirt, sandals were left outside. The idea of defilement from the shoes led to the custom of removing shoes when entering sacred place, which the Moslems practice to this day when entering a mosque. It is because of this, that the Messenger of YHVH asked Moses to take off his sandals at the burning bush (Manners and Customs, pp. 74–75), since this spot, at that moment, represented the dwelling place of YHVH.
Moreover, the removal of one’s sandals was an act of submissive worship to YHVH. When coming into the Presence of Elohim, Moses removed his sandals (as did Joshua, Josh 5:15), and the priests ministered barefoot in the tabernacle. Not only this, the priests covered their genitals when ministering in YHVH’s Presence (Exod 28:42), or when ascending to the altar of sacrifice (Exod 20:26). Not only was this a modesty issue to prevent the Israelites from descending into the perverse sexual religious rites of the surrounding heathen nations, but this, as with the removal of shoes, was a sign of reverence. In the world of the Bible, genitals symbolized power over children and sandals represented power over land. It was considered prideful and irreverent to display signs of reproductive ability and land ownership before YHVH (Social World of Ancient Israel, p. 10, by Matthews and Benjamin).
Holy ground.Holy is the Hebrew word qodesh meaning “sacredness or separateness.” That which is qodesh is the opposite of that which is common, profane, worldly, polluted or vile. The biblical record is clear: only YHVH can make something holy either by his presence or because he declares something to be qodesh. Men have no authority to call something holy unless YHVH has declared it so. Thus the idea of holy water, the Holy See, the holy mother of God, the holy rosary, the holy Koran and many other things that men have declared to be holy are not technically holy by biblical definition and according to biblical criteria. Several things that the YHVH calls holy in the Bible that most Christians ignore include are YHVH’s feasts and weekly Sabbath (Exod 12:16; 16:23; Lev 23:2), YHVH’s people or the nation of Israel when they obey him (Exod 19:6; Deut 26:19), the Tabernacle of Moses (Exod 26:33), the anointing oil (Exod 20:25), where YHVH’s holy people dwell when they obey him (Deut 23:14), YHVH’s Hebrew name which most Christians do not even know much less use (1 Chron 16:35; Ps 103:1), YHVH’s covenants with his people (Luke 1:72), Yeshua the Messiah (Acts 4:27, 30), the Scriptures or Bible (Rom 1:2) and YHVH’s Torah-law (Rom 7:12). How many of the things in this list does the mainstream church either ignore or reject as being holy, and how many things does the church call holy that YHVH in his Word does not call holy? Let us recall the words of Yeshua when rebuking the religionists of his day for all of their man-made traditions that ignored the Word of Elohim. “And he said unto them, Full well ye reject the commandment of Elohim, that ye may keep your own tradition…Making the word of Elohim of none effect through your tradition, which ye have delivered: and many such like things do ye” (Mark 7:9, 13). May we endeavor to elevate in our lives and thinking those things that YHVH as declared to be holy and reject as being holy those things that YHVH has not called holy.
Exodus 3:14–15, I AM THAT I AM. The name YHVH is Elohim’s memorial name forever. It reflects the fact that he is; that he is undefinable in human terms, and that he has always existed. This is the name by which he is to be remembered and not forgotten as is the case with the modern rabbinic Jews which have a non-biblical doctrine forbidding the use of the Hebrew names of Deity. Exodus 3:14 and 15 read as follows:
14 And Elohim said unto Moses, I AM THAT I AM (EHYEH ASHER EHYEH הוהא רשא הוהא): and he said, Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel, I AM (EHYEH הוהא) hath sent me unto you. 15 And Elohim said moreover unto Moses, Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel, YHVH (הוהי) the Elohim of your fathers, the Elohim of Abraham, the Elohim of Isaac, and the Elohim of Jacob, hath sent me unto you: this is my name [Heb. shem] for ever, and this is my memorial [Heb. zeker] unto all generations.
Here are some examples of how various Bible versions translate the name of YHVH:
I Am That I Am (KJV)
I Am Who I Am (NAS, NIV, NKJV
I Am That Which I Am (YLT)
I Shall Be As I Shall Be (The ArtScroll Stone Edition Tanach)
I Will Be What I Will Be (The Gutnick Edition Chumash, JPS)
I Will Be There Howsoever I Will Be There (The Schocken Bible)
I Am the Being (LXX, Brenton)
Exodus 3:15 states that YHVH is Elohim’s memorial name that Moses was to use when referring to I AM THAT I AM. I AM THAT I AM is Elohim’s actual name and what he calls himself, but men are to refer to him as YHVH, which means “the existing one, the one who is, the one who will be.” Both the former and latter are forms of the Hebrew verb hayah meaning “to be.” YHVH instructed that YHVH was to be his memorial name forever. In other words, humans were to use YHVH to remember him by. There is no indication anywhere in the Bible that it was YHVH’s intention that his name was to be forgotten or hidden through euphemization. The word memorial in Exodus 3:15 is the Hebrew word zeker and means “memorial, remembrance or memory.” There is nothing here to indicate that his name was to be forgotten.
It must be noted here that we don’t refer to YHVH as I AM, for were we to do so it would be necessary to say “I AM,” and in all reality, we aren’t the I Am, but YHVH is the I AM. Just so there is no confusion when communicating YHVH’s name in every day speech, the Bible uses, not the Hebrew ehyeh meaning “I AM,” but the form of the verb which means “He Is.” In this way, every time we say his name, we are glorifying him, and not inadvertently glorifying ourselves.
Instead of getting all vexed and confused on how exactly to pronounce Elohim’s name, let us just learn to love, worship and obey YHVH! These are the weightier matters of the Torah (Matt 23:23; 1 Cor 13:1–13). The last thing that YHVH wants is for his children to cause division and strife over how to pronounce his name!
The name YHVH, referred to as the tetragrammaton, is the personal name of the Creator and occurs some 6800 times in the Tanakh. The exact pronunciation of this name has been lost down through the ages, and there is debate among well-meaning individuals on how to pronounce this four consonant Hebrew name. Because there are no vowels in this name, scholars can only speculate and make educated guesses about what the vowels between the consonants should be. No one knows for sure how to vocalize the consonants Y-H-V-H. The best scholarly opinions on this subject are just that—educated guesses.
Instead of getting all worked up about how exactly to pronounce Elohim’s name, let us just love, worship and obey YHVH! Again, these are the weightier matters of the Torah (Matt 23:23; 1 Cor 13:1–13). This is the distinguishing mark a true disciple of Yeshua (John 13:35), and what will separate the goats from the sheep (Matt 25:37–44)—not how we pronounce YHVH’s name!
Exodus 3:2; 13:21; 14:20
The Burning Bush and the Messenger of YHVH
From the first to the last book of the Old Testament, an enigmatic figure keeps making an appearance onto the stage of Israel’s long history—usually at critical moments. Scripture calls this divine entity “the angel of the LORD/YHVH.” The appearance of this unnamed personage was not infrequent. He drops in on Israelites numerous times and he is mentioned fifty times. Was he a single divine entity or were there several “angels of YHVH?” Was he a literal, stereotypical angel or something more? We will explore this question.
One of his epic appearances occurred prior to Moses leading the children of Israel out of Egypt at a burning bush that refused to be consumed by fire. Such a spectacle would render any passerby immobile and gawking with mouth agape. It was here that the shepherd Moses not only came face to face with the Angel of YHVH, but received some secret intelligence along with a divine calling. Let’s dive in and explore this subject.
In Exodus 13:21 we read,
And YHVH went before them by day in a pillar of a cloud, to lead them the way; and by night in a pillar of fire, to give them light; to go by day and night.
Then in Exodus 14:19 it is written,
And the angel of Elohim, which went before the camp of Israel, removed and went behind them; and the pillar of the cloud went from before their face, and stood behind them.
Who was this “Angel” of Elohim (elsewhere he is called “the Angel of YHVH”)? Angel is an unfortunate translation. The Hebrew word for angel is malak/ךאלמ and simply means “a heavenly or a human messenger.”Prophetically this word can refer to human messengers such as the one coming in the spirit of Elijah prior to Messiah’s coming, as well as to the Messiah himself (as in “the Messenger/Malak of the covenant” in Malachi 3:1). Then in Genesis 32:22–30 Jacob wrestles with a man Scripture identifies as the “Malak of YHVH” (Hos 12:3–5), and whom Jacob also called Elohim (verse 30). This same Individual redeemed Jacob (Gen 48:18), and is identified with “the Malak of Elohim…the Elohim of Bethel” (Gen 31:11 and 13). He again appeared to Moses at the burning bush (Exod 3:2). After this, we find him leading children of Israel through the wilderness. Again who is this personage of divine origination?
Stephen in Acts 7:37–39 identifies the Messiah (i.e., “that Prophet” Moses mentioned in Deut 18:15) with this same “Angel” or Heavenly Messenger which spoke to the children of Israel from Mount Sinai and who gave them the “living oracles,” who the Israelites later rejected for pagan gods. Paul elsewhere said of that same Personage that the Israelites did “all drink the same spiritual drink: for they drank of that spiritual Rock that followed them: and that Rock was Messiah/Christ” (1 Cor 10:4).
Moreover, Yeshua declared to the Jews that he was the I AM, YHVH or Messenger of YHVH of the burning bush incident who spoke to Moses (Exod 3:2, 14). The Jews knew that Yeshua was declaring himself to be YHVH, which is why they picked up stones to kill him, for they considered such a declaration to be a blasphemous (John 8:59). A human calling himself God? Scandalous to be sure! Yeshua went on to state that the Israelites never heard the voice of the YHVH the Father, nor saw his face at anytime (John 5:37). This would include the time period of the children of Israel. If it wasn’t the Father who spoke to the Israelites, then who did? That leaves only one other person—the Word of Elohim that was with Elohim and who would latter become flesh and dwell with men as Yeshua the Messiah (John 1:14)—God in the flesh (Phil 2:5–11; 2 Cor 4:4; Col 1:15–16; 1 Tim 3:16; Tit 2:13; Heb 1:8).
Concerning the pillar of fire that led the Israelites through the wilderness, we see that it gave them light. Light in the Scriptures is often a biblical a metaphor for the Torah (Pss 19:8; 119:105; Prov 6:23). We know that Yeshua the Messiah is the Light of the World (John 8:12), and that he is the Word of Elohim in living form (personified, John 1:1, 14).
Furthermore, in Nehemiah 9:12 and 19 we read,
Moreover thou leddest them in the day by a cloudy pillar; and in the night by a pillar of fire, to give them light in the way wherein they should go…Yet thou in thy manifold mercies forsookest them not in the wilderness: the pillar of the cloud departed not from them by day, to lead them in the way; neither the pillar of fire by night, to show them light, and the way wherein they should go. (emphasis added)
While light in the Scriptures often allegorically refers to theTorah, the term the way (Heb. derek,ךרד) can be a metaphor for “the way of Torah righteousness.” The Scriptures uses the term way(s)/derek as a reference to the Torah in the following passages (and many more as well):
Therefore thou shalt keep the commandments of YHVH thy Elohim, to walk in his ways, and to fear him. (Deut 8:6)
And now, Israel, what doth YHVH thy Elohim require of thee, but to fear YHVH thy Elohim, to walk in all his ways, and to love him, and to serve YHVH thy Elohim with all thy heart and with all thy soul. (Deut 10:12)
For if ye shall diligently keep all these [Torah] commandments which I command you, to do them, to love YHVH your Elohim, to walk in all his ways, and to cleave unto him. (Deut 11:22)
And a curse, if ye will not obey the [Torah] commandments of YHVH your Elohim, but turn aside out of the way which I command you this day, to go after other gods, which ye have not known. (Deut 11:28)
I have chosen the way of [Torah] truth: thy judgments have I laid before me. (Ps 119:30)
I will run the way of thy [Torah] commandments, when thou shalt enlarge my heart. (Ps 119:32)
Teach me, YHVH, the way of thy statutes; and I shall keep it unto the end. (Ps 119:33)
The Messenger of Elohim from within the pillar of fire not only directed the Israelites in the way they should go (Exod 13:21; Deut 1:33), but the Messenger spoke to Moses from within the pillar as well,
And it came to pass, as Moses entered into the tabernacle, the cloudy pillar descended, and stood at the door of the tabernacle, and YHVH talked with Moses. And all the people saw the cloudy pillar stand at the tabernacle door: and all the people rose up and worshipped, every man in his tent door. And YHVH spake unto Moses face to face, as a man speaketh unto his friend. And he turned again into the camp: but his servant Joshua, the son of Nun, a young man, departed not out of the tabernacle. (Exod 33:9–11)
And YHVH descended in the cloud, and stood with him there, and proclaimed the name of YHVH. (Exod 34:5)
And YHVH came down in a cloud, and spake unto him, and took of the spirit that was upon him, and gave it unto the seventy elders: and it came to pass, that, when the spirit rested upon them, they prophesied, and did not cease. (Num 11:25)
And YHVH appeared in the tabernacle in a pillar of a cloud: and the pillar of the cloud stood over the door of the tabernacle. And YHVH said unto Moses…(Deut 31:15–16a)
What can we gather from all the above texts pertaining to the Messenger of YHVH (improperly translated “Angel” of the LORD)? This same Divine Messenger thundered out the words of the Written Torah from Mount Sinai, he gave divine revelation to Moses out of the pillar of fire, he lit the path of the Israelites through the wilderness with both physical and spiritual light. He led them in the physical and spiritual way they should go as they were trekking through the wilderness. This fiery Messenger who gave both physical and spiritual light to the Israelites is nothing else but another manifestation of the complete, supernal light which shone upon this earth during the first three days of creation—a light which will once again shine at the end of days in the New Jerusalem replacing the physical sun (Rev 21:23; 22:5). This divine Torah-light was concealed after day three of creation, but was hidden in the Written Torah and in the Person of Yeshua the Messiah, the Living Torah. This same Light was none other than the fiery Messenger who led the Israelites through the wilderness, and who became the Torah-Word of Elohim made flesh. Yeshua was torch bearer of Truth to the world in the first-century and to this day. As the fiery Messenger led the Israelites out of the land of Egypt and out of the house of bondage through the wilderness, this same Torah light, concealed to most, but revealed to those who have eyes to see, is still leading and guiding us through the wilderness experience of your life as you are heading to the Promised Land of the kingdom of Elohim in the New Jerusalem.
This same “Angel” or Messenger from heaven who was the second person of the Godhead and who would become Yeshua the Messiah appeared numerous other times to godly Old Testament saints including Abraham, Hagar, Jacob, Joshua, Samson’s parents, David, Elijah, Zechariah and even to Balaam and his donkey!
Exodus 4
Exodus 4:3,Serpent. Serpents and staffs were powerful symbols and are biblical metaphors for evil spiritual entities. What lessons can we learn from Moses’ power encounter with Pharaoh’s magicians?
A serpent is often a biblical metaphor for Satan or demonic powers (e.g., Gen 3:1; Luke 10:19 cp. 9:1 and Mark 16:18; Rev 12:9; 20:2). Pharaoh, as ruler over Egypt (a metaphor for this world), was a symbol of Satan who is the ruler of this world. A rod or a staff can be a biblical metaphor for power, authority, rulership or judgment (Gen 38:18; Exod 4:17, 20; Ps 2:9; Rev 19:15).
In this verse, YHVH was giving Moses authority over the powers of Satan and his forces. When Moses cast down his rod, it became a serpent, and Moses was immediately able to assume control over the serpent at will for the purposes of advancing YHVH’s spiritual kingdom. This seems to have been YHVH’s way of showing Moses that he was giving him supernatural authority over Pharaoh (Satan) in fulfilling his divine commission to liberate the children of Israel.
The staff changing into a serpent reminds us of the authority that Yeshua gave his disciples to cast out demons and to heal diseases (Luke 9:1; 10:19; Mark 16:15–18).
Furthermore, later on YHVH instructed Moses to construct a bronze serpent and place it on a pole, which when the Israelites looked on it, they were healed of the bites of the fiery serpents (Num 21:8). Here the serpent represents sin, since it is Satan the serpent who introduced sin to man in the Garden of Eden, which resulting in “the fall” of man and brought upon each of the curse of death because of sin. Yeshua took that curse on himself when he was lifted up on the cross of judgment even as Moses lifted up the bronze serpent in the wilderness (John 3:14). As a result, Yeshua defeated Satan the serpent at the cross (Col 2:15; Gen 3:15; Rom 16:20), even as Moses’ serpent defeated the serpents of the satanic Pharaoh’s magicians. Likewise, we as the servants of Yeshua the Messiah have the same authority over demonic powers (Luke 9:1; 10:19; Mark 16:15–18) as Moses did when we act on alignment with the will of YHVH.
Exodus 4:6,Put your hand in your bosom. This second sign was to demonstrate Moses’ authority over sickness, disease and sin. Authority over sickness by healing the sick was a key component of Yeshua’s ministry as well. Leprosy is another biblical metaphor for sin; both are highly contagious (Lev 13–14). Only Yeshua’s death on the cross can heal men of this spiritual disease as the Torah’s cleansing ritual for leprosy metaphorically symbolizes (Lev 14:4–7).
Exodus 4:9,Blood on the dry land. This was the third sign or witness that YHVH gave Moses as confirmation of his divine commission. The Scriptures instruct us to confirm a matter in the mouth of two or three witnesses (2 Cor 13:1). The Nile River was like a god to the Egyptians because it was the source of much of Egypt’s economic wealth, since it watered that country’s crops and made that nation rich and powerful. Bringing the judgment of death upon the Nile’s waters was a judgment against one of Egypt’s gods and the source of its economic might.
Exodus 4:3–9,A summary. The three signs that YHVH had Moses perform to Pharaoh were merely warning shots against a wicked and unrepentant nation instructing them to submit to YHVH’s will. YHVH was telling the Egyptians that if they refused to obey his prophet, he would unleash demonic spirits, and plagues of sickness and economic destruction on that nation. These are YHVH’s judgments against a nation that refuses to repent. Of course, Egypt refused to obey YHVH, and so he not only brought these judgments against Egypt, but much more, such that Egypt was totally destroyed. The same fate befalls end times satanic and antichrist worldwide system that the Book of Revelation calls Mystery Babylon the Great. As YHVH used Mosess to destroy Egypt, so he will use Yeshua, his Son, to destroy Babylon the Great.
Exodus 4:10,Slow of speech. This doesn’t necessarily mean that Moses had a speech impediment, for Stephen tells us that he was “mighty in words” (Acts 7:22). Perhaps, with practice, Moses became might in words. Moreover, Moses struggled to speak Hebrew fluently, since he was raised speaking the Egyptian language. Likely Moses spoke Egyptian fluently and without an accent having been raised in an Egyptian home. His inability to speak publicly seems to be emphasized by the fact that he used Aaron as his spokesman even to Pharaoh, who would have spoken Egyptian, a language in which Moses would have been fluent.
Exodus 4:20,Sons. The names of Moses were Gershom (Exod 2:22) and Eliezer (1 Chron 23:15).
Exodus 4:21,I will harden Pharaoh’s heart. There is an interesting interplay in the Torah’s narrative regarding the a condition of Pharaoh’s heart. At times, Scripture records that Pharaoh hardened his own heart (Exod 7:23; 8:15, 32; 9:34), and at other time times, we read that Elohim hardened Pharaoh’s heart (Exod 7:3, 13, 22; 8:19; 9:7, 12, 35; 10:1, 20, 27; 11:10; 14:4, 5, 8). Who is in control of Pharaoh’s heart? Pharaoh or Elohim? Initially, it appears that Pharaoh had control over his heart disposition, but as time progressed, his heart became totally sold out to rebellion against YHVH. When he crossed this line, it was a point of no return for Pharaoh, and so YHVH simply used him to accomplish his purposes. Paul discusses the sovereignty of Elohim with regard to the free will of men in Romans 9:15–18. YHVH can save whom he wishes (Mark 10:26–27 cp. Rom 9:18) and condemn whom wishes (Rom 9:18, 22). It is true that YHVH loves the whole world (John 3:16) and is not willing that any should perish, but desires all to be saved (2 Pet 3:9). At the same time, there are people who refuse Elohim’s love and choose to remain in their sinful rebellion. These are the wicked that he has reserved for the day of his judgment (Job 21:30; Prov 16:4; Rom 9:22; Jude 4). However, YHVH sets before humans two paths: life and death. All have the freedom and ability to choose the path of righteousness, leading to life, or wickedness leading to death (Deut 30:15–20). When Pharaoh chose the path of wickedness and death and hardened his heart to go in that direction, YHVH simply complied with the dictates of the king’s heart and used him to accomplish his sovereign and divine purposes. In the Exodus record relating to the condition of Pharaoh’s heart, we see that initially sometimes Pharaoh hardened his own heart, and sometimes it was YHVH who did it. In the end, however, it was YHVH who exclusively hardened Pharaoh’s heart. This is because by this time, Pharaoh had already predetermined to harden his heart, and YHVH was simply manipulating Pharaoh according to his sovereign purposes. YHVH was no way violating Pharaoh’s freewill or freedom of choice, but was merely acting in accordance with the choices Pharaoh and already made.
Exodus 4:22,Israel, my son, my firstborn. The nation of Israel was YHVH’s firstborn son among the nations of the world. As such, YHVH through Moses was first declaring the birth of Israel as a nation, and secondly, that Israel was preeminent among nations in YHVH’s eyes. This was an in-your-face declaration to Pharaoh, sovereign of the world’s mightiest nation at the time, to move over, for a greater nation was on the rise that would replace Egypt. This was a bold move on Moses’ part, and one that no man in his right mind could make unless he were either full of ultra-arrogance and delusions of grandeur, or else he truly had been commissioned, authorized and sent by the Creator of the universe on a divine mission. Had Moses not had YHVH’s backing, Pharaoh could have pronounced a death sentence on Moses then and there. Not only this, Moses, as the leader of the nation of Israel, was declaring spiritual war on Pharaoh and Egypt in the name of YHVH Elohim when he gave him the ultimatum to free the Israelites or face YHVH’s judgment.
Exodus 4:25,Cut off the foreskin. Presumably, Moses would have already been circumcised by his mother when he was a baby, thus he was consecrated in YHVH’s eyes. However, for Moses to continue forward in his ministry call, it was necessary for him to consecrate his minor sons through the ritual act of circumcision in accordance with the Abrahamic Covenant. What is the lesson in this for us today? Simply this. A servant of YHVH must get his own spiritual house in order before pointing an accusing finger at someone else. If he doesn’t, he will be revealed as an arrogant, two-faced hypocrite, thus bringing disrepute to YHVH as a laughing stock of the devil resulting in hindering the advancement of his kingdom. YHVH required this of Moses before confronting Pharaoh accusingly.
The cutting away of the flesh of the foreskin symbolically signifies the death of the carnal man from following idols of the flesh and dying to its lusts. The foreskin being at the forefront or the leading edge of a man’s anatomy is a graphic illustration of cutting away the filthy flesh and going forward spiritually in a clean, righteous and sanctified state. Moreover, one’s willingness to undergo the procedure of circumcision indicates a willingness go forward as the Creator’s spiritual bondservant.
Zipporah. Why did Moses expect Zipporah to circumcise his sons? This is a question that has puzzled many Bible students over the years. To answer this question, we must understand the role of the mother in ancient Near Eastern culture during Bible times. The mother was the sole manager of the household. Because ancient Israel was a subsistence economy, a household’s resources had to be managed carefully, and this was the woman’s responsibility. She directed the preservation and storage of food and allotted food rations to each family member to ensure that everyone in the household was fed and that the food lasted until the next harvest cycle. “In the world of ancient Israel, a man’s home was his wife’s castle She had the domestic authority which he did not” (Social World of Ancient Israel, p. 25, by Matthews and Benjamin). The mother’s dominant role over the household including the children may explains why Moses expected Zipporah to circumcise his two sons (Exod 4:25–26).
For the mother, childbearing and teaching children were synonymous roles. The Book of Proverbs shows the dual role of the mother (Prov 1:8; 6:20; 23:22–25; 31:1–9).
A mother’s intimate bond to her children not only lasted through pregnancy and infancy, but also through the weaning process, which often didn’t occur until the child was four years of age. After teaching them how to walk, talk and dress themselves, she taught the child the domestic skills of gardening, cooking herding, weaving and making pottery (Social World of Ancient Israel, p. 28, by Matthews and Benjamin).
Exodus 4:31,They bowed their heads. When YHVH intervenes supernaturally on behalf of his people in a convincing and powerful manner to deliver them in their affliction, what more can man do but to bow their heads in worship?
Exodus 5
Exodus 5:1,Feast. Feast is the Hebrew word chagag meaning “to hold a feast, hold a festival, make pilgrimage, keep a pilgrim-feast, celebrate, dance, stagger.” This a general term referring to one of the biblical pilgrimage festivals (i.e. Passover/Unleavened Bread, Feast of Weeks and Feast of Tabernacles). Specifically, this was referring to the Feast of Unleavened Bread, which ended up being the night when the children of Israel existed Egypt after just having celebrated the Passover.
Exodus 5:14–20,Divide and conquer. This is the strategy of Satan to defeat his enemies. This is what Pharaoh (a biblical metaphor for Satan) did to the Israelites. He set the people against their leaders and vice versa, and ultimately against Elohim.
Exodus 5:21–23,And they said to them. When YHVH commissions his servants, often they encounter obstacles in executing his orders. This serves to humble YHVH’s servants, so they will be less likely to rely on their own carnal prowess, schemes and abilities to fulfill his commission for them and thus to become more reliant on YHVH to help them to overcome the obstacles. Furthermore, obstacles are a test of the faith of YHVH’s servants. Will they trust him and rely on him to help them overcome the obstacles, or will they, in fear and discouragement, give up defeated? This is part of the refinement and honing process that YHVH’s chosen vessel go through to hone their leadership skills, so that they will be righteous and godly leaders.
Exodus 5:22,Now you shall see. YHVH was about to set the enemy’s strategy of divide and conquer (see notes at vv. 14–20) on its head. YHVH is in charge and will be glorified, and his people will come out victorious if they keep their eyes on him and follow his instructions (Rom 8:28–29).
Exodus is the book whose principle theme is redemption—Israel’s deliverance from Egypt. Here we learn how YHVH saves his people and we are shown that his people are redeemed in order to worship him. The traditional Jewish name for Exodus is the Hebrew word Shemot meaning “names.” This is based on the fact that this word is the first noun that appears in the first verse in Exodus. The Jews name all the books of the Torah or Pentateuch based on the first verb or noun that occurs at the beginning of each book.
The Theme of Redemption
The first major theme in Exodus is idea of redemption of YHVH’s people from enslavement in Egypt. Egypt is a biblical symbolic metaphor for the world, the flesh and the devil. This speaks to the larger and overall biblical theme of redemption or salvation of those people who put their trust in YHVH Elohim, who promises to deliver them from all the influences of evil. The aspects of divine redemption are delineated in Exodus chapter six.
Say, therefore, to the sons of Israel, “I am YHVH, and I will bring you out from under the burdens of the Egyptians, and I will deliver you from their bondage. I will also redeem you with an outstretched arm and with great judgments. Then I will take you for My people, and I will be your Elohim; and you shall know that I am YHVH your Elohim, who brought you out from under the burdens of the Egyptians. I will bring you to the land which I swore to give to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and I will give it to you for a possession; I am YHVH.” (Exod 6:6–8, emphasis added)
Worshipping and Obeying YHVH Elohim
Once YHVH has delivered and redeemed those who trust him from enslavement to the evil influences of “Egypt,” if people are to stay delivered from the powers of evil or the dark kingdom of Satan, then people must be will to enter the kingdom of Eohim, which involves obeying and worshipping YHVH Elohim, who delivered them from death and spiritual darkness into life and spiritual lght.
And he said, “Certainly I will be with you, and this shall be a token unto you, that I have sent you, when you have brought forth the people out of Egypt, you shall serve Elohim upon this mountain.” (Exod 3:12, emphasis added)
And I say unto you, “Let my son go, that he may serveme, and if you refuse to let him go, behold, I will slay your son, even your firstborn.” (Exod 4:23, emphasis added)
And you shall say unto him, “YHVH Elohim of the Hebrews has sent me to you, saying, ‘Let my people go, that they may serveme in the wilderness, and, behold, until now you would not hear.’” (Exod 7:16, emphasis added)
The Basic Outline of Exodus
Chapters 1–6 show us the need for redemption.
Chapters 7–11 show us the power or might of the Redeemer as he pours out the ten plagues on Egypt as symbolic of his divine judgment against this world in general and man’s sin in particular.
Chapters 12–18 show us the character of redemption, and how sinful man is redeemed by blood of a lamb and is emancipated from heaven’s judgment against the sins of the world by the blood of an innocent life, which prophetically points to Yeshua the Redeemer, who would be the Lamb of Elohim to redeem man from sin.
Chapters 19–24 teaches us the duty of the redeemed to obey and worship YHVH Elohim.
Chapters 25–40 gives further instructions on how to be redeemed and how to stay redeemed. Provisions are also made for the failures of the redeemed to be restored back into a right relationship with their Creator when they fall spiritually.
The Prophetic Metaphors in Exodus
Egypt is a biblical metaphor for the world, the place of sin and bondage where one is held captive before being delivered or redeemed by the power of YHVH and the blood of Yeshua, the Lamb of Elohim. It is interesting to note that although Egypt was the land of science and art, it was simultaneously the land of death in that their religion was morbidly fixated with the theme of death.
Pharaoh is a metaphor for Satan, a merciless taskmaster who opposes the people of YHVH in every way.
Pharaoh’s magicians symbolically represents the demonic spirits that are active in the world and are doing Pharaoh’s (Satan’s) bidding in opposing Israel, the people of Elohim, and Elohim himself and his plans to redeem his people.
Moses is a prophetic metaphor for and antetype of Yeshua the Messiah (at his first coming). Both Moses and Yeshua acted as deliverers of the people from the bondage and power of sin, death and hell, which is the power of the enemy, Satan.
The blood of the lamb on the door posts is a metaphor for Yeshua, the Redeemer, whose death on the cross atoned for man’s sins causing YHVH’s judgment death penalty against sin to pass over or to be lifted off of his people.
The crossing of the Red Sea is a metaphor the saint’s union with Messiah Yeshua in his death, burial and resurrection via the ritual of tevilah (immersion or baptism) at a mikvah (a gathering of waters).
The journey through the wilderness is a metaphor for the trials and testing that occur during the redeemed believer’s spiritual walk through this physical life with YHVH’s provision to meet every need and his protection from every attack of the adversary.
The giving of the Torah represents one’s spiritual walk after having exited spiritual Egypt. This teaches YHVH’s people the importance of obedience and submission to him as they learn to love and to obey in gratitude for freeing them from Satan and the world. He is now their new loving Father and Master in place of Satan the slavemaster.
The Tabernacle of Moses with its furnishings is a pictorial layout or blueprint of the steps in YHVH’s plan of redemption (salvation) for mankind and the steps in man’s spiritual maturation into intimate relationship with the Father through Yeshua the Messiah. The tabernacle, in reality, is like a giant gospel tract where Yeshua the Messiah is the over-arching, central theme, for the tabernacle points to Yeshua in every detail!
Is the phrase “the law of sin and death” as used by Paul and as found in Romans 8:2 a reference to “the law of Moses” which is a biblical synonym for YHVH’s Torah-law as revealed in the Pentateuch or the first five book of the Bible? This is what some Christians believe and teach. Here is the phrase in its larger context:
1 There is therefore now no condemnation to those who are in the Messiah Yeshua, who do not walk according to the flesh, but according to the Spirit. 2 For the law of the Spirit of life in the Messiah Yeshua has made me free from the law of sin and death. 3 For what the law could not do in that it was weak through the flesh, Elohim did by sending His own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh, on account of sin: He condemned sin in the flesh, 4 that the righteous requirement of the law might be fulfilled in us who do not walk according to the flesh but according to the Spirit. 5 For those who live according to the flesh set their minds on the things of the flesh, but those who live according to the Spirit, the things of the Spirit. 6 For to be carnally minded is death, but to be spiritually minded is life and peace. 7 Because the carnal mind is enmity against Elohim; for it is not subject to the law of Elohim, nor indeed can be. 8 So then, those who are in the flesh cannot please Elohim. 9 But you are not in the flesh but in the Spirit, if indeed the Spirit of Elohim dwells in you. Now if anyone does not have the Spirit of the Messiah, he is not His. 10 And if the Messiah is in you, the body is dead because of sin, but the Spirit is life because of righteousness. (Rom 8:1–10, emphasis added)
What is Paul really saying here? If one were to cherry pick the phrase “the law of sin and death” out of its larger context, one could assume that “the law” reference is referring to YHVH’s Torah law. Many Bible believers have made this assumption thus supposedly proving the long held belief that Paul writings undergird the mainstream Christian theological belief that the law was “done away with” and is largely non-applicable to Gentile Christians. But is this Paul is really saying here? As in all things in life, understanding the contextual background of something is essential to arriving at the correct meaning and truth of a matter as we are about to discover here.
In Romans 7:23, Paul talks about “another law in my members, warring against the law of my mind, and bringing me into captivity to the law of sin which is in my members.” This other law is what the Jewish sages refer to as the evil inclination or ha-yetzer rah with which every human is born. This is because due to the fall of man each person is born spiritually cut off from Elohim and is thus subject to the powerful influences of the world, flesh and the devil.
When we yield to our innate yetzer rah or carnal (or fleshly), rebellious, sinful nature, this brings a person under the death penalty that automatically comes on each human for violating Elohim’s Torah, for sin is the violation of YHVH’s Torah-law (1 John 3:3). The law of sin and death is simply a matter of the “law” of cause and effect, which states that one reaps what one sows, or for every action there is a reaction. Paul states this elsewhere Paul: “the wages of sin is death” (Rom 6:23). Ezekiel states that the soul that sins (or violates YHVH’s Torah-law will die (Ezek 18:4). Again, John states that “sin is the violation of [YHVH’s] Torah-law” (1 John 3:4). Therefore, the law of sin and death is yielding to our sinful nature that is prone to rebellion against the word, laws or commandments of YHVH Elohim the results of which brings the consequences of sinful actions as prescribed by the Torah. The end result of sin is death or extinguishment of life and eternal separation from Elohim.
Just because YHVH’s Torah-law prescribes the death penalty for sin does not make the Torah evil any more than violating the law of gravity by jumping off a cliff makes that law evil, or violating a traffic law makes that law evil. YHVH’s righteous laws exist for man’s good—to protect us from harm, and are thus not evil. Both the Torah-law, the law of gravity and other laws (e.g., traffic laws and other civil laws) are (for the most part) for society’s protection. But if we violate them, we not only jeopardize our well-being and safety and that of other people, but there may be a penalty to pay for breaking them as well.
In Genesis 2:17 Elohim laid down a law: do not eat of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. He pronounced upon man the curse of death if he violated this law. Man broke the law and ate from the forbidden tree. To go against the law of Elohim is sin (1 John 3:4). As previously noted, the wages of sin is death (Rom 6:23), and the soul that sins shall die (Ezek 18:4). This then is the law of sin and death that Paul talks about in Romans 8:2. When a person obeys the Torah-laws Elohim, he will neither be sinning nor will he bring upon himself the wages of that sin which is death.
YHVH Elohim, man’s Creator, declares that every person has a choice to make: choose life of death.
See, I have set before you today life and good, death and evil…I call heaven and earth as witnesses today against you, that I have set before you life and death, blessing and cursing; therefore choose life, that both you and your descendants may live; that you may love YHVH your Elohim, that you may obey His voice, and that you may cling to Him, for He is your life and the length of your days; and that you may dwell in the land which YHVH swore to your fathers, to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, to give them.” (Deut 30:15, 19–20)
Before he died, Moses admonished the people of Elohim to choose to serve and obey YHVH. He referred to the YHVH’s Torah-law as “your life,” and he declared that bodying it was not a futile thing, but would bring blessings and long life.
“Set your hearts on all the words which I testify among you today, which you shall command your children to be careful to observe—all the words of this Torah-law. For it is not a futile thing for you, because it is your life, and by this word you shall prolong your days in the land which you cross over the Jordan to possess.” (Deut 32:46–47, emphasis added)
Moreover, Paul in numerous places, including in the chapter preceding Romans chapter eight totally obliterates an notion that he is somehow against YHVH’s Torah law. Again, context is the key to understanding the meaning a person’s statement. In Romans chapter seven, Paul speaks favorably of YHVH’s Torah-law.
Therefore the law is holy, and the commandment holy and just and good. (Rom 7:12)
How can this be taken to mean that Paul is against YHVH’s Torah? Then Paul goes on to say,
For we know that the law is spiritual, but I am carnal, sold under sin. (Rom 7:14)
Here Paul is stating that YHVH’s law is eternal and thus immutable, but he is juxtaposing the law against his is own enslavement to that law of sin and death that wars in his own nature. He then goes on to describe this inner struggle in most honest and self-effacing terms:
For I know that in me (that is, in my flesh) nothing good dwells; for to will is present with me, but how to perform what is good I do not find. For the good that I will to do, I do not do; but the evil I will not to do, that I practice. Now if I do what I will not to do, it is no longer I who do it, but sin that dwells in me. I find then a law, that evil is present with me, the one who wills to do good. (Rom 7:18–21)
Then in the next several verses, Paul again goes on to contrast the evil law of sin and death that is against him with YHVH’s Torah-law, which is immutable, holy, just and good:
For I delight in the law of Elohim according to the inward man. But I see another law in my members, warring against the law of my mind, and bringing me into captivity to the law of sin which is in my members. O wretched man that I am! Who will deliver me from this body of death? I thank Elohim—through Yeshua the Messiah our Lord! So then, with the mind I myself serve the law of Elohim, but with the flesh the law of sin. (Rom 7:22–25, emphasis added)
Then in the next two verses, Paul triumphantly proclaims that:
There is therefore now no condemnation to those who are in Messiah Yeshua, who do not walk according to the flesh, but according to the Spirit. For the law of the Spirit of life in Messiah Yeshua has made me free from the law of sin and death. (Rom 8:1–2)
Therefore, YHVH Torah, that is, his instructions in righteousness, is not the law of sin and death. However, if we choose to follow our carnal, sinful human natures, and to choose to disregard our Creator’s words, then this will bring us under the law of sin and death, which is the negative consequences of our actions.
For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of Elohim is eternal life in Messiah Yeshua our Lord. (Rom 6:23)
