{"id":11943,"date":"2018-01-19T07:52:29","date_gmt":"2018-01-19T15:52:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hoshanarabbah.org\/blog\/?p=11943"},"modified":"2018-01-19T07:52:30","modified_gmt":"2018-01-19T15:52:30","slug":"biblical-calendar-101","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hoshanarabbah.org\/blog\/2018\/01\/19\/biblical-calendar-101\/","title":{"rendered":"The Biblical Calendar 101"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Exodus 12:2,<\/b> <\/b>Month. <\/i><\/b>It is the Hebrew word chodesh<\/i> (Strong\u2019s<\/i> H2320\/TWOT<\/i> 613b) meaning \u201cthe new moon, month, monthly, the first day of the month, the lunar month.\u201d It is found in the Tanakh (Old Testament) 276 times and is translated in the King James Version as \u201cmonth\u201d 254 times, \u201cnew moon\u201d (20 times), and \u201cmonthly\u201d (1 time). We see that from these definitions that the terms \u201cmonth\u201d and \u201cnew moon\u201d are synonymous. It has been understood for millennia that ancient Israelites began their month with the new moon.<\/p>\n

Why was it important for the Israelites to know when the new moon occurred and when the month began? The dates of the annual biblical festivals that YHVH gave to Israel and instructed them to observe were determined based on when the new moon occurred (Lev 23:5,\u20096,\u200924,\u200927,\u200934).<\/p>\n

The next question to answer is this: when does the biblical month begin? As we noted above, for modern astronomers the term \u201cnew moon\u201d means something different than it did to the ancients, including those who YHVH inspired to write the Bible. Ancient calendars were determined by the moon, while modern ones are not. Some biblical expositors teach that the new moon begins when the moon is in conjunction or in line with the earth and the sun and is in its dark phase. Others believe that the month begins just after the moon has moved out of its dark phase and begins to show a sliver of light, which is called the visible or crescent new moon. Who is right?<\/p>\n

Some Bible teachers claim that there is no place in the Scriptures that specifically states that the new moon begins at the first visible sliver after being dark for several days. Therefore, they reason, it is an assumption to say that it does (even though, as we will see below, this was the understanding of the ancient Israelites), and therefore, the new moon should be determined from its conjunction with the earth and sun while it is in its dark phase. While on the surface, this may seem like a valid argument, one important verse in the Scriptures, however, and some simple logic quickly disproves this notion. It is Genesis 1:14.<\/p>\n

And Elohim said, \u201cLet there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons [moedim<\/i>\/biblical festivals], and for days, and years.\u201d<\/p>\n

In this verse we see that the sun and the moon are \u201csigns\u201d for seasons, days and years. The word \u201csign\u201d is the \u00adHebrew word owt<\/i>\/ <UT (Strong\u2019s<\/i> H226; TWOT<\/i> 41a) meaning \u201csign, signal, mark, token, emblem, signboard, standard.\u201d In the Tanakh, owt<\/i> describes such visible <\/i><\/b>(not invisible) signs <\/i><\/b>as Noah\u2019s rainbow (Gen 9:12\u201313,\u200917), Cain\u2019s mark (Gen 4:15), circumcision (Gen 17:11), and the Sabbath (Exod 31:13,\u200917; Ezek 20:12). In addition, owt<\/i> is used some 80 times in the Tanakh to refer to miraculous signs<\/i>. These include the plagues of Egypt (Exod 7:3; Deut 4:34, etc.), the sign of the virgin birth of the Messiah (Isa 7:11,\u200914); YHVH miraculous signs <\/i>to Gideon (Judg 6:17) and King Hezekiah (2\u2009Kgs 20:9; Isa 38:7). In addition, Aaron\u2019s rod that budded was a sign<\/i> or token<\/i> (Num 17:25). Many more examples could be given.<\/p>\n

What do all these examples of how the Bible uses the Hebrew word owt<\/i> have in common? They were all a visible sign that one could see<\/i><\/b>. This is the definition of the word owt<\/i> and how it is used in the Hebrew Scriptures. Simply stated, the visible sliver of the new moon fits the definition of owt<\/i> as used in Genesis 1:14, while the astronomical conjunction (when the moon is in its dark phase and is invisible to the eye because the earth is between the moon and the sun) does not. Psalm 104:19 is definitive biblical proof that the moon\u2019s purpose is to determine the biblical feasts when it says YHVH \u201cappointed the moon for seasons [Heb. moedim<\/i>, which means \u2018appointed times\u2019 or \u2018biblical holidays\u2019].\u201d The moon cannot be a visible sign to determine seasons or biblical festivals if it is hidden or dark.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

The fact that ancient Israelites determined the new moon based on the sighting with the naked eye of the moon\u2019s sliver has been substantiated repeatedly by historians and religious scholars over the past 2000 years.\u00a0<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

This month.<\/i> <\/b>The Torah states that the new year starts when the new moon is sighted, which marks the first day of the month after<\/i><\/b> the barley was found to be \u201cgreen in its head\u201d (Heb. aviv<\/i>, or abib<\/i>, Exod 9:31; 12:1\u20132; 13:4). This determines the entire calendar for the upcoming year including when to observe YHVH\u2019s commanded annual feasts or holidays (Lev 23). Therefore, the moon and the barley acting together determine the start of the biblical new year. Furthermore, we learn in Psalm 104:19 that the moon\u2019s purpose is to determine the biblical feasts when it says YHVH \u201cappointed the moon for seasons [Heb. moedim<\/i>, which means \u2018appointed times\u2019 or \u2018biblical holidays\u2019].\u201d So the moon, in conjunction with the barley, determines the beginning of the new year, and establishes the timing of the biblical holidays.<\/p>\n

In ancient Israel, the new moon was determined by visible sighting with the naked eye. When the first sliver or crescent of the new moon was visible, this marked the beginning of the first day of the month. There is absolutely no doubt that this is how the Israelites marked the beginning of the new month. The leading historical records and expert scholars are dogmatic and unanimous on this subject.<\/p>\n

There are 12 and sometimes 13 new moon sightings in any given year, so how do we know which<\/i> new moon is the beginning of the year? The Bible doesn\u2019t leave us guessing on this point. It gives us one indicator, and one indicator only: the barley. This is not guess work or supposition, for the Word of Elohim is clear on this point, as we read in Exodus 12:2,<\/p>\n

And YHVH spoke unto Moses and Aaron in the land of Egypt, saying \u201cThis shall be unto you the beginning of months: it shall be the first month of the year to you.\u201d<\/p>\n

If we read further in Exodus 12, we will see that this first month occurred at the time of the Passover and Feast of Unleavened Bread, with Passover beginning on the fourteenth day of the first month (verse 18). But how do we know which month is the first month? This is where the agricultural indicator comes into play.<\/p>\n

In Exodus 13:4, we see that YHVH makes a connection between the barley and the first month of the year. He literally tells us which month in the spring is to be reckoned as the first month of the year. There we read, \u201cThis day you came out in the month of the Abib<\/i>.\u201d The word month<\/i> here is chodesh<\/i> (the Hebrew word for \u201cmonth\u201d), and the word abib <\/i>(CHCT; Strong\u2019s <\/i>H24, alternative transliterated spellings include aviv<\/i> or abib<\/i>) means \u201cfresh, young barley ears or literally green in the ears.\u201d So literally, when YHVH called the first month by the name Abib<\/i>, he was calling it the month of the \u201cgreen barley ears.\u201d Here YHVH clearly reveals in which season the new year was to begin. The new moon immediately following this agricultural occurrence marked the beginning of the new year. In Deuteronomy 16:1, YHVH issues this command to the Israelites, \u201cObserve the month of the Abib<\/i>, and keep the Passover unto YHVH your Elohim, for in the month of the Abib<\/i> YHVH your Elohim brought you forth out of Egypt by night\u201d (see also Exod 23:15 and 34:18).<\/p>\n

For more on the biblical calendar, check out my other teaching articles on this subject at<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.hoshanarabbah.org\/pdfs\/new_moons.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.hoshanarabbah.org\/pdfs\/cal_demyst.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.hoshanarabbah.org\/pdfs\/vis_moon.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

For free downloadable monthly biblical calendars, go to<\/strong><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.hoshanarabbah.org\/calendars.html<\/a><\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\t\t\t\t
 <\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Exodus 12:2, Month. It is the Hebrew word chodesh (Strong\u2019s H2320\/TWOT 613b) meaning \u201cthe new moon, month, monthly, the first day of the month, the lunar month.\u201d It is found in the Tanakh (Old Testament) 276 times and is translated … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[149,64],"tags":[610,115,78,58,175,412],"class_list":["post-11943","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-feasts","category-weekly-readings","tag-biblical-calendar","tag-biblical-feasts","tag-calendar","tag-exodus","tag-new-moon","tag-new-year"],"yoast_head":"\nThe Biblical Calendar 101 | Hoshana Rabbah Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/hoshanarabbah.org\/blog\/2018\/01\/19\/biblical-calendar-101\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Biblical Calendar 101 | Hoshana Rabbah Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Exodus 12:2, Month. 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