The Blessing and Glory of the Torah—Readjusting Prejudicial Mindsets

Exodus 20:1, And Elohim spoke all these words, saying.

The following is an excerpt from a larger article on the subject of the Torah, which can be found at http://hoshanarabbah.org/pdfs/torahprimer.pdf.

What Is the Essence of the Torah?

Let us answer the question by posing a question. Why do you call yourself a believer, Messianic, Christian or otherwise? Why do you believe that the Scriptures are the Word of Elohim? Why are you currently reading this teaching article? Why were you created and what is your purpose in life? What is the meaning of life and what is your future destiny? Is there a Supreme Being in this universe and what does he expect from you, as a human, if anything at all? Does he care about you personally, and if he does, does he have anything to say to you about life – and about your life, in particular?

Torah reading in a synagogue with a hand holding a silver pointer

Very few humans alive, or who have ever lived, have answers to these questions. Most humans simply exist. Few actually live with purpose and meaning to their lives.

But you are privileged, for you are about to learn the answers to which so-called philosophers, sages and religious luminaries have been seeking since man has existed. Tidal waves of religion, philosophy and politics have swept across this planet carrying away peoples and nations promising to answer men’s most perplexing questions. Though volumes have been written, though countless libraries are full of millions of books, scrolls, papyri, clay tablets, documents and computer files, the answer to it all is surprisingly simple. In fact one word: It is T-O-R-A-H! The Torah of YHVH-Elohim is the Light of Truth from the Originator of Light and Truth. And it has been miraculously transmitted from heaven to earth, from the infinite to the finite, from the spiritual, boundless, eternal, omniscient and all wise mind of Elohim to the limited confines of physical existence on earth. Like a beam of Light shot through space from the great beyond, penetrating the darkness of human existence that Light became the written Torah, the Word of Elohim in the form of a Torah scroll written in Hebrew script of the set-apart Hebrew tongue (lashon kadosh) thousands of years ago.

The Torah-Word of Elohim forms the very bedrock foundation of the Scriptures. The spiritual building of the Prophets, Writings and Testimony of Yeshua rests squarely and securely upon the foundation of the Torah without which the rest would instantly crumble into nonexistence. Elohim was so determined to make that foundation so rock solid that he literally dictated it audibly letter-for-letter and word-for-word to the man Moses, who like a stenographer, wrote down exactly what he heard. This become the Books of the Law of Moses, or the Torah of YHVH Elohim. None of the Prophets or Writings in the Tanakh, though the inspired and infallible Word of Elohim, were so transmitted. The only words in all of Scripture that approach this level of purity and perfection are those words of the Written Word or Torah made flesh; namely, the words of Yeshua as recorded in the Gospels of the Testimony of Yeshua.

The level of one’s understanding of  the written Torah is the key to having a deep and abiding understanding of Yeshua, the Living Torah, and ultimately of having a blessed, a right, eternal relationship with our Father in heaven. ­Having a deep walking-it-out understanding of the Torah will also determine one’s level of rewards in the Kingdom of Elohim — whether YHVH bestows the title of The Least or The Greatest upon one (Matt. 5:19).

Below are quoted some deeply held, age-old convictions that the Jewish sages have lived and died for regarding the Torah. As you read them, please keep in the forefront of your thoughts the concept of Yeshua, the Living Torah-Word of Elohim, who was made flesh who came to reveal the heart of his Father in heaven. He said that if one had seen him one had seen the Father (John 14:9); that he had been sent from heaven to do the will of his Father (John 5:30); that man should not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceeded from the mouth of Elohim (Matt. 4:4). Yeshua said that he was that spiritual bread of life (John 6:35, 48) that if eaten man would have eternal life (John 6:53-58). Yeshua is the Word of Elohim personified and the complete and undiminished Torah-Light of the world (John 1:1-14); the one who said in Matthew 5:17-19:

Think not that I am come to destroy the Torah-law, or the prophets: I am not come to destroy, but to fulfill. For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the Torah-law, till all be fulfilled. Whosoever therefore shall break one of these least Torah-commandments, and shall teach men so, he shall be called the least in the kingdom of heaven: but whosoever shall do and teach them, the same shall be called great in the kingdom of heaven.

Defining the Word Torah

A comprehensive grasp of Torah, both with the head and heart, is essential if one is to not only understand the heart of YHVH Elohim, but to understand the Hebrew roots of the Christian faith, for a love and comprehension of Torah is to grasp with the heart and mind the very fabric, foundation and bedrock of the Testimony of Yeshua (New Testament). But what does the word Torah actually mean? Hebrew is a rich language. A single word can have a multiplicity of connotations at all levels of human comprehension, experience. Spiritual implications beyond the ken of human understanding can be found therein.

For nearly 2000 years since the time the Christian church departed from its Hebrew roots (in the early to mid second-century of the common era) the Hebrew word Torah (Strong’s H8451, TWOT 910b) has been translated in the writings of Christian theologians and in all of the most common English Bible’s as law. Is this an accurate translation of the Hebrew word Torah? Does it capture the true essence, heart and meaning of the word? This is an important question to answer.

The primary meaning of the word Torah  (Strong’s H8451, TWOT 910b), according to The Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament is “teaching” (and not “law”). Strong’s Concordance lists the meaning of Torah in this order: “a precept, a statute.” The New Brown-Driver-Briggs-Gesenius Hebrew-English Lexicon defines Torah as “direction, instruction, law”  (in that order). According to Strong’s Expanded Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible,

Torah signifies primarily “direction, teaching, instruction” (Prov 13:14). It is derived from the verb yarah [VRH] [meaning] ‘to project, point out’ (3384) and hence to point out or teach. The law of [Elohim] is that which points out or indicates His will to man … Seen against its background of the verb yarah, it becomes clear that Torah is much more than law or a set of rules. Torah is not restriction or hindrance, but instead the means whereby one can reach a goal or ideal.

The TWOT similarly states,

The word Torah means basically teaching whether it is the wise man instructing his son or [Elohim] instructing Israel. The wise give insight into all aspects of life so that the young may know how to conduct themselves and to live a long blessed life (Prov 3:1f). So too [Elohim], motivated by love, reveals to man basic insights into how to live with each other and how to approach [Elohim]. Through the law [Elohim] shows his interest in all aspects of man’s life which is to be lived under his direction and care. Law of [Elohim] stands parallel to [the] word of [YHVH] to signify that law is the revelation of [Elohim’s] will (e.g. Isa 1:10).

As already noted, the word Torah originates from the root word yarah VRH (Strong’s H3384) which means “to flow as water, to lay or throw as in shooting an arrow; to point out as if aiming the finger to make a point, to teach.” Another cognate (related word) of the word Torah is the Hebrew word moreh (Strong’s H4175) which means “teacher or archer (as in one who shoots at a target).” Moreh derives from the same Hebrew root word, yarah, as does Torah. Therefore, when one is walking according to the Torah of YHVH Elohim, one is walking in the light of YHVH’s truth, which is hitting the mark of righteousness. Likewise, YHVH’s teachings or instructions are a river of life flowing from his throne aimed at hitting the mark of truth and righteousness. By contrast, the Hebrew word for sin is chata (Strong’s H2298) which means “to miss the mark,” i.e., transgressing the Torah as 1 John 3:4 states, “Sin is the transgression of the law [or Torah].” 

Here is what Scripture says about the Torah of Elohim:

Your righteousness is an everlasting righteousness, and your Torah is the truth. (Ps 119:142)

For the commandment is a lamp; and the Torah is light; and reproofs of instruction are the way of life. (Prov 6:23)

[Yeshua speaking], Think not that I am come to destroy the Torah, or the prophets: I am not come to destroy, but to fulfill. (Matt 5:17)

[Yeshua speaking], For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one yud [the smallest letter in the Hebrew alphabet] or one tittle [the smallest flourish, overhang or crown on a Hebrew letter] shall in no wise pass from the Torah, till all be fulfilled [i.e. till heaven and earth pass away]. (Matt 5:18)

Wherefore the Torah is holy, and the commandment holy, and just, and good. (Rom 7:12)

For we know that the Torah is spiritual, but I am carnal, sold under sin. (Rom 7:14)

He that said, I know him, and keeps not his [Torah] commandments, is a liar, and the truth is not in him. (1 John 2:4)

We have just given you the technical meaning of the word Torah, But what is the general, colloquial or common meaning of the word? It connotes different meanings to different people. In its strictest sense the Torah refers to the first five books of YHVH’s Scripture: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy which are referred to as the books of Moses since he was YHVH’s instrument for putting them into written form. Christians refer to these five books as The Pentateuch while Jews call them The Chumash.

In the Jewish religion, the term Torah can also refer to the entire Tanakh as well as the Jewish rabbinical commentaries (called the Oral Torah) on the Chumash (e.g. Mishna, Gemara and Talmud). While some aspects of these works may be enlightening from an historical perspective, we do not view the Oral Torah as inspired or indispensable for the understanding of Scripture.

When we use the term Torah we are referring to the Chumash or Pentateuch. We believe that it this is the Written Torah while the Yeshua the Messiah (Jesus Christ) being the Word of Elohim in flesh-form is the Living Torah (John 1:1–4; 1 John 1:1–3; Rev 19:13).

The Whole of the Torah Can Be Summed Up in One Sentence

The Tanakh and Jewish writings contain a number of phrases which express the quintessential essence of the Torah. One of these best-known passages naming several of these phrases is in the Jewish Talmud:

“[R.] Simlai said, ‘613 commandments were given to Moses—365 negative mitzvot (commandments), the same as the number of days in the year, and 248 positive mitzvot, the same as the number of parts in a man’s body. David came and reduced them to eleven (Ps 15), Isaiah to six (Isa 33:15), Micah to three (Micah 6:8), Isaiah again to two—“Observe and do righteousness” (Isa 56:1). Then Amos came and reduced them to one, “Seek me and live” (Amos 5:4)—as did Habakkuk, “The righteous one will live by his trusting [or by faith] (Habakkuk 2:4)”’ (Makkot 23b–24a, abridged) (Jewish New Testament Commentary, by David Stern, p. 565).

We see some of these same Torah summation type statements in the Testimony of Yeshua. For example, the phrase, “the just shall live by faith” is found in three passages of the Testimony of Yeshua (Rom 1:17; Gal 3:11; Heb 10:38); In Leviticus 19:18 we find the phrase, “you shall love your neighbor as yourself,” which is the summation of the last five of the famous Ten Commandments which in itself is a summation of any of the 613 Torah commandments which relate to human relationships. We see both Yeshua in his famous “Golden Rule” passage of Matthew 7:12, “Therefore all things whatsoever you would that men should do to you, do you even so to them: for this is the law and the prophets.” Paul echoes this concept in Romans 13:8, “Love does not do harm to a neighbor; therefore love is the fullness of the Torah.” Love is the foundation and quintessential concept behind the Torah-law of Elohim. Yeshua states this in Mark 12:29-31,

And Yeshua answered him, The first of all the [Torah] commandments is, Hear, O Israel; YHVH our Elohim is one Master: And thou shalt love YHVH your Elohim with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind, and with all your strength: this is the first commandment. And the second is like, namely this, Thou shalt love your neighbor as thyself. There is none other commandment greater than these.

Love must be the motive behind all our righteous deeds or else our actions count for nothing (1 Cor 13:1–13). The concept of love and the keeping of YHVH’s Torah-law are codependent actions. One cannot exist without the other. John, in his epistle, discusses this idea at length in 1 John 2:7–11; 3:11-24; 4:7–2 where he states that “Elohim is love” (4:8, 16) and that one’s love of Elohim and man is linked to obedience to the Torah-commandments (2:7–9; 3:11–18). As YHVH first loved us, we should love our fellow man (4:7–11), in word, deed and in (Torah) truth (3:18). This relates to Yeshua’s admonition to his disciples in John 14:15, “If you love me, keep my Torah-commandments.”

What Was the Purpose of the Torah?

The purpose of the Torah is to show man how to walk in right relationship (or righteousness) with his Creator. It shows us how to love YHVH with all one’s heart, soul, mind and strength (Deut 6:5; Mark 12:30) and love one’s neighbor as oneself (Lev 19:18; Mark 12:30). Once one is saved by grace through faith (see my teaching article on our web site entitled: The Abrahamic Covenant: The Covenant of Salvation), the Torah then helps show man how to walk in the straight and narrow path, which leads to blessings and life and avoidance of curses (Deut. 30:15; 32:47). The Torah shows man how to avoid sin, which is the violation of YHVH’s Torah-commandments (1 John 3:4). Sin is walking contrary to YHVH’s instructions in righteousness, which are for our blessing and benefit.

The Torah does not set an impossible standard by which to live. We must ask ourselves, would a righteous and just Creator and a loving Heavenly Father give to his chosen people a set of standards that were humanly impossible to perform, then curse them for their inability to meet these standards? Of course not. Rather, the Torah sets a standard of faith, trusting in Elohim, and of following its system of repentance and sacrifice for obtaining forgiveness from Elohim and restoring a condition of being considered righteous in his sight. After all, Moses, the human instrument through which YHVH revealed the Torah to the children of Israel, states in Deuteronomy 30:11-14:

For this [Torah] commandment which I command you this day, it is not hidden from you, neither is it far off. It is not in heaven, that thou should say, Who shall go up for us to heaven, and bring it unto us, that we may hear it, and do it? Neither is it beyond the sea, that thou should say, Who shall go over the sea for us, and bring it unto us, that we may hear it, and do it? But the word is very nigh unto you, in your mouth, and in your heart, that thou may do it.

Paul quotes this very passage in Romans 10:6-8 where he relates the written Torah to Yeshua, the Living Torah or Word of Elohim incarnate (in the flesh, see John 1:1, 14). He shows that the Torah and Yeshua are synonymous and that Messiah Yeshua came to live and reveal to us the righteousness of the Torah-law (verse 4) that is available to us if we will but have a heartfelt faith in him (verses 4, 9-10), and allow him to live out his righteousness in us through the empowering work of the Spirit of Elohim. In verses 11 through 21, Paul goes on to relate this very truth to being the central message of the gospel that Isaiah prophesied (Isa. 52:7) would be preached to redeem both houses of Israel to Yeshua their Messiah.

It might be said that in a sense the Torah itself is neutral; neither positive nor negative. It is like a mirror simply reflecting the image portrayed in it. Torah reacts to human action. Those who obey it are blessed and those who disobey it are cursed.

The Scriptures reveal that the Torah is much more than a list of dos and don’ts as many people have been led to believe it to be.

  • The Torah defines what sin (1 John 3:4) and righteousness are (Ps 119:172).
  • The Torah shows us what YHVH expects from man (Deut 10:12–13). The Torah convicts man of sin or lawlessness and brings us to Yeshua by way of the cross (Gal 3:24).
  • The Torah brings temporal and spiritual rewards; life and blessing when followed; curses when disobeyed (Deut 28; Matt 5:19).
  • Obeying the Torah helps deepen a loving and intimate relationship with YHVH-Yeshua and helps us to abide in Yeshua (John 14:15; 1 John 2:3-6).
  • Obeying the Torah helps us to stay spiritually pure (1 John 3:3-6).
  • Obeying the Torah protects us from the influence of the devil (1 John 3:8).
  • The Torah provides a framework for divine justice or judgment (Deut 17:11; John 12:48; Heb 4:12 cp. Rev 1:16; 2:16; 18:15, 21).
  • The Torah forms the basis for the jurisprudence system of civil government (Deut 17:11).
  • The Torah is heaven’s revelation of divine grace. It reveals how sinful man can be reconciled to a righteous Elohim; it reveals the path of redemption or salvation from slavery to sin through the idea of substitutionary sacrifice. This all points to Yeshua the Messiah, the Redeemer or Savior of the world.
  • The Torah reveals the concept of covenant between YHVH and man involving YHVH’s chosen people—the nation of Israel.
  • The Torah will guide and keep us on the path of righteousness and lead us into YHVH’s everlasting kingdom and spiritual divine family. It acts as a protective guardrail to keep us on the road leading to eternal life. It keeps man from falling into the spiritual ditches or off the spiritual cliff along the side of the road of life.
  • The Torah is our light in a dark world; the answer to life’s questions and dilemmas (Ps 119:99, 105; Prov 6:23).
  • Through Yeshua the Living Torah, the Torah helps us to become the person that YHVH wants to live with forever. It prepares us to be the spiritual bride of Yeshua (Rev 19:7–8).
  • Obeying the Torah brings us eternal rewards (not eternal life, which is by grace through faith alone, see Eph. 2:8) in the world to come (Matt. 5:19).
  • Obeying the Torah helps deepen a loving and intimate relationship with YHVH-Yeshua and helps us to abide in Yeshua (John 14:15; 1 John 2:3-6).
  • Obeying the Torah helps us to stay spiritually pure (1 John 3:3-6).
  • Obeying the Torah protects us from the influence of the devil (1 John 3:8).
  • Obeying the Torah-Word of YHVH helps to perfect YHVH-Yeshua’s love in us (1 John 3:6).

The Torah in the Testimony of Yeshua (NT)

The word law as used in the Testimony of Yeshua is the Greek word nomos which in the Septuagint (the third century B.C. Greek translation of the Tanakh) is used in place of the Hebrew word Torah. Therefore, we know that the Jewish scholars who translated the Tanakh (“Old” Testament) into the Greek language considered the words nomos and Torah to be equivalent. Also, contextually, in the Testimony of Yeshua, we can see that the word law means Torah. To the Testimony of Yeshua Jewish authors, when the Greek word nomos is used this is not a reference to Roman, Greek or Babylonian law, but to the biblical Hebrew law or the Torah, or Torah-law of Moses.

Let us not forget that the Bible was written, for the most part, if not totally, in the Hebrew (or Aramaic) language by Hebrew people who spoke Hebrew, lived in a Hebrew culture, practiced the Hebrew religion and worshipped and served YHVH Elohim, the God of the Hebrews. What defined the Israelites’ spiritual relationship to their God – YHVH Elohim? It was the Torah, which by definition and to the Hebrew mindset of the first-century referred specifically to the instructions in righteousness of Elohim as delivered through his servant and prophet Moses to his people, the children of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob (Israel), known as Israelites. As noted above, the Torah is recorded in what is commonly called the Books of the Law, the Books of Moses, the Pentateuch or the Chumash, or what we would call the first five books of the Hebrew Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. These books contain YHVH’s instructions in righteousness, which were delivered letter-for-letter and word-for-word from the very mouth of Elohim to Moses and the Hebrew children of Israel and forms the foundation for the entire Bible: both sections which Christians commonly call the Tanakh and the Testimony of Yeshua.

For the people of Israel in Yeshua’s day, including the apostles who, under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, the Torah of Elohim, given through Elohim’s servant Moses, formed the central teaching document that regulated and governed every aspect of life, culture, family relationship, marriage, society, religion and relationship with surrounding nations. Therefore, law for them was Torah. Nothing more or less.

Keep in mind that the concept of Torah, to the Hebrew mind, did not have the pejorative connotation that the term law has to the traditional Christian mindset which tends to view the law through centuries of religious anti-Torah indoctrination.

Conclusion — It All Points to Yeshua, the Living Torah!

Yeshua the Messiah is the Word or Torah of Elohim sent from heaven — from the very bosom of the Father (John 1:18) — to this earth and humanly manifested in flesh-form. Yeshua was Elohim and was the Word of Elohim who came to this earth as the Light of life unto men. As the Light of men, he shone in the spiritual darkness of this wicked and sin-filled world to show man the way of life and truth (John 1:1-14).

Though the majority of the world while lying in spiritual darkness refuses to acknowledge that light (John 1:5, 10-11), those who have received Yeshua as the Light of Life and Truth sent from heaven, the Living Torah-Word of Elohim, are given power to become the sons of Elohim (John 1:12). Those same sons of Elohim are elsewhere called “children of light [or Torah-truth and righteousness]” (Luke 16:8). Yeshua referring to himself as the Light of the world (John 8:12, 9:5; 12:46) urged his disciples to believe in that Light and to become children of Light (John 12:35-36). Paul commissions believers, who once dwelt in spiritual darkness, to walk as children of light and to become the light of YHVH to the world and to have nothing to do with the unfruitful works of darkness (or Torahlessness; Eph. 5:8, 11 cp. 1 Thess. 5:4-5). Believers are not only called to emulate their Master and become light as he is light, but they are called to put on the “armor of light” which is a biblical metaphor for walking in righteousness (Rom. 12:12-13) after the similitude of their Father in heaven who is called the Father of lights (Jas 1:17) and who dwells in unapproachable light (1 Tim. 6:16). This is the same light that caused Moses’ face to radiate with light upon descending Mount Sinai after having been in the presence of YHVH (Exod. 34:33, 35).

In Matthew five Yeshua urged his followers to be lights in this dark world and to be a candlestick on a hill (5:14-16). What is that candlestick? The Book of Revelation chapter one contains the letters to the seven congregations in Asia Minor. Here we find the answer. These seven first-century congregations are likened to a seven-branched menorah (Rev. 1:12, 20; 2:5; see The Complete Jewish Bible rendering of these verses). Did you know that you are a human menorah? When you raise your hands in worship, this is not only the universal sign of surrender — in this case surrender to Yeshua, your Savior and Master, but you are demonstrating through your body language who and what you are: a light to the world, a human menorah!

On the fourth day of creation, YHVH created the sun and moon. These two heavenly luminaries cast their light onto a planet that without that light would otherwise would have been enshrouded in cold, thick and lifeless darkness. But thanks to the sun, there is light and heat which keeps this planet alive. The pagans recognized that without the sun life on earth would cease, so they paid homage to the sun as the source of physical life. Likewise, the moon gives light to the earth at night, but does not generate its own light, for it acts simply as a mirror reflecting the light of the sun. Scripture calls the sun and moon the greater and lesser lights (Gen. 1:16); the sun was given dominion over the day and the moon was to rule at night. What does this teach us? As noted above, the sun and moon were created on the fourth day while Yeshua the spiritual Light and Sun of Righteousness (Mal. 4:2) came in the fourth millennium after creation to commence a spiritual work and creation on earth (the Body and Bride of Messiah). If he is the spiritual light to this world, the Greater Light, and the Originator of Spiritual Light, what does that make believers? They are the lesser light, like the moon, reflecting the light of their Savior and Redeemer, Yeshua, the Torah-Word-Light-Truth of YHVH Elohim. If you are a follower of Yeshua, then you will be walking in the light of his truth and Word, the Torah, and you will be reflecting the very nature and character of your Father in heaven, the Father of lights to a dark and lost world. This is your divinely appointed commission and calling! Let us not forget:

  • John 14:15, Yeshua said, If you love me, keep my Torah-commandments.
  • 1 John 2: 3-6, And hereby we do know that we know him, if we keep his Torah-commandments. He that said, I know him, and keeps not his Torah-commandments, is a liar, and the truth is not in him. But whoso keeps his word, in him verily is the love of Elohim perfected: hereby know we that we are in him. He that said he abides in him ought himself also so to walk, even as he walked.
  • Matthew 5:17-19, Think not that I am come to destroy the Torah, or the prophets: I am not come to destroy, but to fulfill. For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the Torah, till all be fulfilled. Whosoever therefore shall break one of these least Torah-commandments, and shall teach men so, he shall be called the least in the kingdom of heaven: but whosoever shall do and teach them, the same shall be called great in the kingdom of heaven.
  • Deuteronomy 4:1, Now therefore hearken, O Israel, unto the statutes and unto the judgments, which I teach you, for to do them, that you may live, and go in and possess the land which YHVH Elohim of your fathers gives you … Keep therefore and do them; for this is your wisdom and your understanding in the sight of the nations, which shall hear all these statutes, and say, Surely this great nation is a wise and understanding people. For what nation is there so great, who has Elohim so nigh unto them, as YHVH our Elohim is in all things that we call upon him for? And what nation is there so great, that has statutes and judgments so righteous as all this Torah, which I set before you this day?
  • Revelation 21:23, And the city [New Jerusalem] had no need of the sun, neither of the moon, to shine in it: for the glory of Elohim did lighten it, and the Lamb is the light thereof.
 

1 thought on “The Blessing and Glory of the Torah—Readjusting Prejudicial Mindsets

  1. To me the Torah is my owners hand book, my guide to how I should live.
    It is a personal love letter to me from my Father, showing me how much he loves me.
    We can all read some thing different from the same verse, which makes me think it is a personal letter to each one of us. One just has to Read it, soak into each word, as each word = knowledge = wisdom.

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